Indian Council of World Affairs

Japan, as Chair of the Group of Seven (G7), hosted the Leaders’ Summit in Hiroshima from 19 to 21 May 2023. It is also important to highlight that the Quad Leaders’ Summit, which was the third in person Summit of the five in total,^[i] was also convened on the side-lines of the G7 Summit in Hiroshima on 20 May 2023. The G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Summit 2023, chaired by Japan undertook concrete decisions on various issues such as in support of Ukraine, Indo-Pacific, climate change, economic resilience and economic security, energy and food security, China as a threat, and regional affairs such as Myanmar. This article will recap the G7 Leaders’ Summit and bring forth the key takeaways.

G7 Leaders’ Summit Takeaways

The G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Summit from 19 to 21 May 2023 had in total nine sessions that resonated on various geopolitical matters such as the Global Economy; sanctions against Russia; Foreign and Security Policy; International Partnerships beyond the G7; Economic Resilience and Economic Security; Multiple Crises pertaining to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Resilient and Sustainable Planet; Ukraine; and Challenges towards a Peaceful, Stable, Prosperous World.

Towards an International Community Characterized by Cooperation, not Division and Confrontation/Global Economy

The idea behind the first session, “Toward an International Community Characterized by Cooperation, not Division and Confrontation/Global Economy”^[ii] was to drive home that the G7 is united and its role continues to be strong in the international community on two pillars: upholding the free and open international order based on the rule of law and strengthening outreach towards international partners beyond the G7.^[iii]

The G7 leaders emphasised the necessity of governance for generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and immersive technologies. An agreement was reached that the G7 Ministers will discuss generative AI under “Hiroshima AI process” that will report on the results of progress and challenges in AI. The Chair had echoed that there needs to be an early establishment of an international framework based on an agreement at the Ministerial level to set up a Data-Free Flow with Trust (DFFT). Accordingly, Prime Minister Kishida stated that Japan, as Chair, would be contributing to the said framework, including suitable financial contributions.

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida also explained about how Japan’s “New Form of Capitalism” is valuable to the global economy as it endorses “advanced supply-side reforms for sustainable economic growth, emphasised on strengthening ‘investment in people’ along with increasing wages and expanding internal investment, and promoted virtuous cycle of growth and distribution”.^[iv]

Another key takeaway was the consensus among the G7 leaders on the necessity of working towards maintaining and strengthening the free and fair-trade system, including in the World Trade Organization (WTO) reform.

Sanctions against Russia

The second session was in the context of continued strong support for Ukraine in every aspect and the imposition of coordinated sanctions against Russia. The G7 leaders committed to standing together against the illegal, unjustifiable, and unprovoked war of aggression against Ukraine. The G7 Leaders’ Statement on Ukraine was also released following this session. The statement recognises how the Ukraine crisis has imperilled access to food and energy for many of the world's most vulnerable people. The G7 leaders expressed full sympathy and condolences to the Ukrainian people for their loss and suffering. Parallel to their support for Ukraine, the G7 leaders reaffirmed their commitment to address the growing needs of vulnerable countries, which have been aggravated by the Russia-Ukraine crisis.           

The G7 Leaders’ Statement on Ukraine re-emphasised the UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/ES-11/6 titled “Principles of the Charter of the United Nations underlying a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in Ukraine”, adopted in February 2023, to continually pursue concrete efforts for achieving a comprehensive, just, and lasting peace in Ukraine.^[v] The statement also raised concerns about nuclear safety and security over the seizure and militarisation of the Zaporizhzhya Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP). In order to stabilise Ukraine’s macroeconomic conditions, the G7 leaders ensured that Kyiv had the budget support it needs for 2023 and 2024, while additionally welcoming the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) Extended Fund Facility (EFF) to implement reforms being undertaken by Ukraine on account of reconstruction in the country, along with the World Bank Group, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank (EIB), and the Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) of various countries.           

On economic sanctions and other measures, the G7 leaders have stated that they would further restrict Russia’s access to their economies. The statement highlights measures regarding restrictions on exports of technology, industrial machinery, and equipment that are vital for Russia on the battlefield. In addition, the G7 will be targeting key sectors such as manufacturing, construction, and transportation, as well as business services, while making sure to prevent any spill over effects on third countries.

The statement also highlighted that the G7 is continuing its work of restrictive measures through the Russian Elites, Proxies, and Oligarchs (REPO) task force while engaging to provide third-countries with G7 goods, services, or technology to lessen their dependence on Russia. As a warning, the G7 leaders stated that they will take actions against any third country that materially or financially supports Russia.

Another important takeaway is that the G7 is emphasising reducing reliance on civil nuclear and related goods from Russia and assisting countries seeking to diversify their supplies in order to prevent weaponisation of energy against the international community. Limiting the impacts of the global energy crisis to support vulnerable and affected countries through the International Energy Agency Task Force on Natural Gas and Clean Fuels Market Monitoring and Supply Security was also reiterated.

Foreign and Security Policy

The third session on “Foreign and Security Policy” discussions focussed on the unacceptability of any unilateral attempt to change the status quo by force anywhere in the world. The G7 leaders reiterated their strong will to uphold a free and open international order based on the rule of law. The Indo-Pacific region and its situation as well as issues related to China and North Korea’s provocative actions were highlighted. The G7 leaders stated that in terms of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, it is essential to maintain and strengthen the NPT as the only path forward in realising and reaffirming the G7’s commitment to a “world without nuclear weapons”.           

With regard to the deteriorating political situation in Myanmar, the G7 raised its concerns and expressed solidarity with its people. The G7 Leaders called on the Myanmar Junta to immediately cease all violence, release political prisoners and return the country towards a democratic path. The G7 Leaders supported the ASEAN’s efforts in continued engagements with all stakeholders in Myanmar to implement the Five-Point Consensus, including through Indonesia as ASEAN’s Chair and ASEAN Special Envoy to Myanmar.[vi]

Strengthening Engagement with Partners

The fourth session on “Strengthening Engagement with Partners”, was to underscore the importance of strengthening international partnerships that were beyond the G7. This is even more vital as the presence and influence of emerging, developing countries known as the Global South has consistently increased in the recent past. One of the salient takeaways was the focus on how the G7 can cooperate and connect with the G20 being chaired by India in 2023 to achieve concrete outcomes on various global issues pertaining to food, health, and development.

In their support for India as the Chair of the G20 in 2023, the G7 leaders reaffirmed their efforts to respond to the various needs of developing countries regarding the challenges of poverty alleviation, energy transition, and finance by means of establishing value chains that enable the Global South countries to carry out local processing. All this effort requires fulfilment of the development finance gap, which is expected to be supported through the Partnership on Global Infrastructure Investment (PGII).

Economic Resilience and Economic Security

The fifth session on “Economic Resilience and Economic Security” was included for the first time at the G7 Leaders’ Summit where responses to challenges of economic security were discussed.^[vii] The common position that the G7 leaders affirmed was on (1) enhancing resilience of supply chain and critical infrastructure; (2) strengthening responses to non-market policy and practice and economic coercion; and (3) appropriately managing critical and emerging technologies. The discussions were also comprehensively laid out in the “G7 Leaders’ Statement on Economic Resilience and Economic Security”.^[viii]

Similarly, the G7 leaders announced the “Clean Energy Economic Action Plan”.^[ix] The Action Plan includes creating trade policies that decarbonise economies, accelerating the development of resilient clean energy supply chains, growing shared markets for clean energy goods and services, and mobilising significant public and private sector climate and energy security investments for low- and middle-income countries. The G7 is working to comprehensively reform and strengthen the multilateral trading system so that it can effectively respond to pressing issues, including sustainable development and the clean energy transition.

Addressing Multiple Crises

The sixth session on “Working Together to Address Multiple Crises” was an open forum wherein leaders of eight countries and seven international organisations^[x] were invited to discuss issues of food, health, development, and gender, among others.^[xi] The participating countries and organisations reaffirmed that they will continue to make steady progress towards achieving the SDGs. The participating countries and organisations highlighted the urgent importance of responding to immediate food crises and establishing resilient food security.

As a result, the leaders of the G7 and the invited countries plus organisations jointly issued the “Hiroshima Action Statement for Resilient Global Food Security”.^[xii] Another important takeaway was the principles set out in the “G7 Hiroshima Vision for Equitable Access to Medical Countermeasures”, which called on participants to continue advancing cooperative efforts towards achieving “Universal Health Coverage”.^[xiii]

In the context of gender parity, the discussions led to responses from participating countries on substantively coordinating several efforts, such as the promotion of the “Women, Peace, and Security (WPS)” agenda, including disaster risk reduction, women’s economic independence, women’s economic empowerment in developing countries, combating sexual and gender-based violence, and gender mainstreaming through all Ministerial meetings.^[xiv]

In addition, as the 13^th Ministerial Conference of the WTO is to be held from 26 February 2024 at Abu Dhabi, UAE, the participating countries and organisations confirmed that they will tackle the challenges related to trade, including the WTO reform.

Resilient and Sustainable Planet

The seventh session on “Common Endeavour for a Resilient and Sustainable Planet” was also an open forum that included the G7 leaders, along with the eight invited countries and seven international organisations. Herein, critical global issues related to climate change, energy, and the environment were addressed.^[xv] There was mutual convergence on the importance of pursuing the common goal of net zero in various pathways.

All participants have concurred that maximum effort is required to introduce the utilisation of renewable energy and energy-saving technologies in accordance with each country’s situation while preventing any obstruction to economic growth. It was also reaffirmed that concrete efforts would be undertaken in addressing plastic pollution, protecting biodiversity, protection of forests, and addressing marine pollution.^[xvi]

Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy

The eight session on “Ukraine” at the G7 Leaders’ Summit witnessed Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy attending the meeting in person. This session was only between the G7 leaders and the Ukrainian President. However, many of the invited countries, including India, had separate bilateral meetings, both formally and informally, with President Zelenskyy. The G7 leaders reiterated their unwavering commitment to provide diplomatic, financial, humanitarian, and military assistance to Ukraine and reaffirmed their determination to restore peace in Ukraine and uphold the free and open international order based on the rule of law.^[xvii]

Towards a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous World

In context of the current geopolitical turmoil, the last session was based on the theme “Toward a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous World”, which was unique with the in-person attendance of the Ukrainian President at the same table with the G7 leaders, the eight invited countries, and the seven international organisations. Discussions were largely based on responses to the challenges to peace and stability faced by international society.

Focus of the discussions was primarily on how any unilateral attempt to change the status quo is unacceptable in any part of the world, with a strong appeal to end the conflict in Ukraine at the earliest while upholding the free and open international order based on the rule of law. The session meeting also pushed for the promotion of realistic efforts towards the realisation of a “world without nuclear weapons” through the adoption of a “G7 Leaders’ Hiroshima Vision on Nuclear Disarmament”.^[xviii] The leaders made an appeal to the international society, including in the Indo-Pacific and Africa, to recognise the importance of all countries adhering to the UN Charter of respecting sovereignty and territorial integrity. They underscored that the resolution of any confrontation should be peacefully achieved through dialogue.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s participation and interventions at the G7

India was one of the eight invited countries by Japan to the G7 Leaders’ Summit at Hiroshima. Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke at the sessions: Addressing Multiple Crises, Resilient and Sustainable Planet, and Towards a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous World. His interventions had concrete ideas which were appreciated by the G7 participants.

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke at the session on “Addressing Multiple Crises” and shared his suggestions on Global Food Security, Health, and Development.[xix] He mentioned the need to build an inclusive food system that focuses and prioritises the vulnerable people, especially marginalised farmers. Prime Minister Modi suggested strengthening global fertilizer supply chains and addressing political obstacles and expansionist mindsets. Additionally, there is a suggestion of exploring natural farming as an alternative to fertilizers. Utilising digital technology to benefit farmers worldwide is also emphasised by India’s Prime Minister. As UN had declared 2023 as the International year of Millet, Prime Minister Modi stressed the need for spreading awareness of millets as a solution for nutrition, climate change, water conservation, and food security.

Reflecting on the politicisation of vaccine and medicine availability during the COVID-19 pandemic, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the importance of prioritising resilient healthcare systems embracing the principle of “One Earth - One Health” while aiming for digital health and universal health coverage. Mobility of doctors and nurses as a priority for cooperation and service to humanity was also suggested. In addition, rethinking the development model and focusing on holistic use of natural resources, development, technology, and democracy together were emphasised. Prime Minister Modi highlighted that linking the G20 and G7 agendas would help address the hopes and expectations of the Global South.

India also shared its views in the session on “Resilient and Sustainable Planet” as Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the need to broaden the perspective on climate change beyond just energy considerations.[xx] India highlighted some of its implementations on the subject such as initiatives like Mission Life, International Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, Mission Hydrogen, Biofuel Alliance, and Big Cat Alliance. Prime Minister Modi mentioned India's progress in agriculture, with farmers adopting water-saving practices to promote sustainable development. He also outlined India's goals of achieving Net Zero emissions by 2070, with the railway network aiming for Net Zero by 2030. He added that the installed capacity of renewable energy in India is set to increase to around 500 Megawatts by 2030.

In the session “Towards a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous World”, Prime Minister Modi also represented India’s views by highlighting the importance of addressing conflicts and crises from a humanitarian perspective rather than a political or economic one.[xxi] He expressed India’s commitment to diplomacy and dialogue as the only means to resolve conflicts that are increasing due to the disproportionate impact of crises on developing countries with limited resources.

Prime Minister Modi raised questions about the effectiveness of global institutions such as the United Nations (UN) in maintaining peace and preventing conflicts and the need for concrete reforms in these institutions, with a call for them to better reflect the realities of the present and become the voice of the Global South. The importance of respecting the UN Charter, International Law, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of all countries is advocated, along with the need to speak out against unilateral attempts to change the status quo.

Drawing on the teachings of Lord Buddha, a significant figure in both India and Japan, Prime Minister Modi stressed the importance of finding solutions to contemporary problems through peaceful means and dialogue.

G7 Leaders’ on China

At the end of the Hiroshima Summit, the G7 leaders released a Communique to encapsulate their global commitments. Apart from the issues and challenges covered already in the sessions, the Communique has key takeaways in terms of regional affairs. For instance, on China, the Communique reveals that the G7 partners stand prepared to build constructive and stable relations with China, recognising the importance of engaging candidly with and expressing concerns directly to China.^[xxii] The Group acknowledges the necessity of cooperating with China on global challenges as well as areas of common interest, given its role in the international community and the size of its economy.

At the same time, the document calls on China to act in accordance with its obligations under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and not to conduct interference activities aimed at undermining the security and safety of communities, the integrity of democratic institutions, and economic prosperity. The G7 also encourages China to support a comprehensive, just, and lasting peace based on territorial integrity and the principles and purposes of the UN Charter through direct dialogue with Ukraine.

The document raises serious concerns about unilateral attempts of changing the status quo by force or coercion in the East and South China Sea. Additionally, it reaffirms that peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait are indispensable to the security and prosperity of the international community, with a call for peaceful resolution of the cross-Strait issues. The G7 leaders have vowed to also continue raising their concerns over the human rights situation in China, including in Tibet and Xinjiang. The G7 leaders also called out on China to honour its commitments under the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Basic Law, which is enshrining the rights, freedom, and a high degree of autonomy for Hong Kong.

China’s Reaction

The Spokesperson for the Foreign Ministry of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) issued strong remarks for the G7 leaders. The Spokesperson’s remarks addressed the fact that “Taiwan is China’s Taiwan”, and that the Taiwan question is a matter for the Chinese, to be resolved by the Chinese.^[xxiii] The Spokesperson stated that, Xinjiang, Tibet and Hong Kong  are purely China’s internal affairs, and any interference by external forces in those affairs is firmly opposed. The Spokesperson remarked that the East and South China Sea have remained stable overall and that relevant countries need to stop using maritime issues to drive a wedge between regional countries and incite bloc confrontation. The remarks were concluded with the following statement: “We urge G7 members to catch up with the trend of the times, focus on addressing the various issues they have at home, stop ganging up to form exclusive blocs, stop containing and bludgeoning other countries, stop creating and stoking bloc confrontation, and get back to the right path of dialogue and cooperation.”^[xxiv]

Russia’s Reaction

On 20 May 2023, the Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated that the decisions adopted by the G7 Leaders at the Hiroshima Summit were aimed at the “double containment of Russia and China”.[xxv] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Russian Federation issued  a press release on 21 May 2023, accusing the G7 of “producing politicised decisions aimed at drawing dividing lines in international relations”.[xxvi] The decision to invite Ukraine President Zelenskyy at the Summit also drew criticism from Russia. The presence of President Zelenskyy was labelled as an attempt from the G7 to showcase their determination of inflicting a “strategic defeat” on Russia, thus terming the Hiroshima Summit as an “ultimate propaganda show”.[xxvii]

The Russian press release accused Washington of forcing its allies to increase military spending on Ukraine, which also shifts the burden of responsibility for sustaining refugees into EU states, as well as making Washington’s allies to become dependent on US gas supply alone. The press release also accused Washington of maintaining an openly protectionist policy aimed at turning the G7 partners into the controlling authority of industrial and raw material in the hi-tech sector.           

Introduction of green technologies by the G7 has been termed as unreliable by Russia. As per the Russian MFA, such novelties can only be afforded by High-income countries, but imposing the same on countries suffering energy deficit since ages would only undermine the sustainable growth of their national economies. The overall Russian reaction to the G7 illustrates their discontentment with the Hiroshima Summit decisions and reflects their views that the G7 forum did not voice the collective interests of those from the Asia-Pacific region, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America.[xxviii]

Conclusion

The G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Summit revealed a new sense of purpose for the group. The G7 has committed to conserving and protecting global marine biological diversity and sustainably using its resources based on the best available scientific evidence. In addition, the G7 is working on environmental goals, economic resilience and security, including a Clean Energy Economy Action Plan, global infrastructure investment, nuclear disarmament, and global food security.  

The G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Summit outlined the group’s commitment to meeting global challenges and creating a better future through international partnerships and concrete actions, with a larger focus on the Global South. Leaders of the Global South, including India, Indonesia, and Vietnam, who held bilateral talks with the Ukrainian President at the G7 Leaders’ Summit, further underscored the growing diplomatic influence and confidence of the Global South.             

Raising serious concerns over China’s constant adversarial behaviour has also unveiled how the G7 would proceed in terms of addressing the challenges the international community faces. In the backdrop of the Ukraine-Russia conflict, the G7 is seemingly undertaking a more pivotal role as the UNSC’s effectiveness in maintaining international peace and security is being called into question. Japan, as the only Asian member country at the G7 and the current Chair of the forum, has played a globally influential role in addressing the gaps raised by the Global South.

*****

*Dr Tunchinmang Langel, Research Fellow, Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi
Disclaimer: Views expressed are personal.

Endnotes

[i] The White House. “Quad Leaders’ Summit Fact Sheet,” 20 May 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/05/20/quad-leaders-summit-fact-sheet/ (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[ii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 1 (Working Lunch) Toward an International Community Characterized by Cooperation, not Division and Confrontation / Global Economy),”19 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000673.html (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[iii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 1 (Working Lunch) Toward an International Community Characterized by Cooperation, not Division and Confrontation / Global Economy),”19 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000673.html (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[iv] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 1 (Working Lunch) Toward an International Community Characterized by Cooperation, not Division and Confrontation / Global Economy),”19 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000673.html (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[v] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “G7 Leaders’ Statement on Ukraine,” 19 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506391.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[vi] https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506878.pdf

[vii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 5 Economic Resilience and Economic Security,”20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000686.html (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[viii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “G7 Leaders’ Statement on Economic Resilience and Economic Security,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506849.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[ix] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “G7 Clean Energy Economy Action Plan,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506850.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[x] 8 invited countries and 7 organizations are Australia, Brazil, Comoros (African Union Chair), Cook Island (Pacific Forum Chair), India (G20 Presidency), Indonesia (ASEAN Chair), Republic of Korea, Vietnam, United Nations, International Energy Agency (IEA), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), and World Trade Organization (WTO).

[xi] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 6 Working Together to Address Multiple Crises,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000692.html (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[xii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Hiroshima Action Statement for Resilient Global Food Security,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506873.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[xiii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “G7 Hiroshima Vision for Equitable Access to Medical Countermeasures,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506811.pdf

[xiv] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “G7 Fact Sheet: Promoting Gender Mainstreaming through the Nexus Approach,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506809.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[xv] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 7 Common Endeavor for a Resilient and Sustainable Planet,” 21 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000693.html (Accessed 22 May 2023).

[xvi] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 7 Common Endeavor for a Resilient and Sustainable Planet,” 21 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000693.html (Accessed 22 May 2023).

[xvii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 8 Ukraine,” 21 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000701.html (Accessed 22 May 2023).

[xviii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “Session 9 Toward a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous World,” 21 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ec/page1e_000705.html (Accessed 22 May 2023).

[xix] Ministry of External Affairs. “English translation of Prime Minister’s opening statement at the Working session 6 of the G7 Summit,” 20 May 2023, https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/36566/English_translation_of_Prime_Ministers_opening_statement_at_the_Working_session_6_of_the_G7_Summit (Accessed 26 May 2023).

[xx] Ministry of External Affairs. “English translation of Prime Minister’s opening statement at the Working session 7 of the G7 Summit,” 20 May 2023, https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/36567/English+translation+of+Prime+Ministers+opening+statement+at+the+Working+session+7+oftheG7Summit (Accessed 26 May 2023).

[xxi] Ministry of External Affairs. “English translation of Prime Minister’s opening statement at the Working session 9 of the G7 Summit,” 21 May 2023, https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/36580/English_translation_of_Prime_Ministers_opening_statement_at_the_Working_session_9_oftheG7Summit (Accessed 26 May 2023).

[xxii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. “G7 Hiroshima Leaders’ Communiqué,” 20 May 2023, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100506878.pdf (Accessed 21 May 2023).

[xxiii] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson’s Remarks on G7 Hiroshima Summit’s Hyping up of China-related Issues,” 20 May 2023, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/202305/t20230520_11080748.html (Accessed 23 May 2023).

[xxiv] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson’s Remarks on G7 Hiroshima Summit’s Hyping up of China-related Issues,” 20 May 2023, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/202305/t20230520_11080748.html (Accessed 23 May 2023).

[xxv] Gabriel Dominguez. “China and Russia lash out at G7 ‘double containment’ attempt,” 20 May 2023, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/05/21/world/china-g7-new-cold-war/ (Accessed 26 May 2023)

[xxvi] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. “Press release on G7,” 21 May 2023, https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1871538/ (Accessed 26 May 2023).

[xxvii] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. “Press release on G7,” 21 May 2023, https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1871538/ (Accessed 26 May 2023).

[xxviii] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. “Press release on G7,” 21 May 2023, https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1871538/ (Accessed 26 May 2023).